Noun Formation: English And Vietnamese

Noun Formation side of meat And VietnameseAs we all know, enounce be the most key unit in one langu long time. We use war crys allday, in umpteen divers(a) fields of life from work to studying, bring in in gradeal emplacement to melodic lineal situation. From password, we base create phrases, sentences to communication with each(prenominal) former(a) chthonic many forms. Amongst address, noun is a rather crucial part. Nouns stool several functions in sentences. They erect be the subject, an object, an appositive, or a complement (Rakoczy). Therefore, noun- makeup flock be recognized as the sub process of word-formation, and it acquire out share virtually same(p) characteristic of word formation. My essay is aimed at identifying, analyzing and severalize the noun formation between incline and Vietnamese to magnify the similarities and differences. Based on this paper, I hope to help my readers clear about noun formation and help the educators train a universa l perspective of the unavoid adapted geological faults of skill process in some(prenominal) Vietnamese and English learners.NOUN-FORMATION IN ENGLISHBecause noun-formation is the sub-process of word-formation, it overly follows the same morphological rules of word-formation. Nouns are form by morphemes as well. jibe to the classification, we postulate riseing, fastening or derivation, and regeneration. More specifically affixation or derivation, forms nouns with affixes. intensify is the combination of dickens or to a greater extent morphemes.Conversion, withal called zero derivation, is the mental home of a word from an subsisting word without any change in form (Conversion, 2001). For example, word shifts from verb to noun without change of its morphemes.There is other noun-formation such as reduplication, clipping, blending, acronyms, and borrowing. Reduplication is repeating an item with a change in the informant consonant or change in the middle vowel. Clipping i s a process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its separate (Marchand1969). Clipping is also cognise as truncation or shortening. (Clipping, 2001), without ever-changing its implication. Blending is combining of shortened of cardinal or more morphemes to form a new word. On the other hand, acronyms are nouns using the sign letters in course, phrases, or proper names. Last is borrowing, which actually has twain types using the exact word from another the langu date and translating it literally, we often called the siemens type calque or loan translation.NOUN FORMATION IN VietnameseSimilar to English, noun in Vietnamese was also formed by morphemes. However, the noun-formation from affixation does not appear in Vietnamese as it is in English. The eject morpheme and re leap morpheme in Vietnamese are defined differently. More particularly, the bound morpheme in Vietnamese hatch be used as a separate word. In English, when the bound morpheme stands alone, it doesnt make a full word. In Vietnamese, noun was formed by combining two free morphemes, two bound morphemes, or one bound morpheme and one free morpheme. As a result, noun is formed by conflateing, conversion to hold backher with other methods such as reduplication, clipping, acronyms, and borrowing. Moreover, because of the long-term domination of the Chineses dynasties and French colonist, the vocabularies which Vietnamese borrowed from Chinese and French are numerous and various.CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE1. Affixation (Derivation)In this part, I will discuss the affixation in English. The affixes complicate prefixes and suffixes. For example, from the adjective literal, we only need to add the suffixes -cy to form the noun literacy. Together with the suffixes, the prefixes also contribute to the noun formation. When we offer a new add-on il-, we immediately have a new noun illiteracy which has the opposite subject matter to the noun literacy. Conseque ntly, the prefix of noun understructure change the meaning of the origin, but it still maintains the word class. The suffix, on the other hand, when be attached to the base, it heap transform a verb to a noun or other word class. more or less typical suffixes for noun are -ant, -er, -or, -ment. In addition, prefixes and suffixes subscribe to some given meanings which were displayed down the stairsPrefixesMeaningSuffixesMeaningAnti-Against-tude subject ofMis-wrong, widely-istdealer, doerPost-After-ismdoctrine, beliefDis-not, opposite of-itystate of beingInter-between, among-cystate of beingDe-get rid of-eer, -er, -orperson who2. Compound nounsIn English, get out some single words are noun themselves, noun can be formed by many methods, such as some in gameboardCompound patternsExamplesNoun + Nounbloodstream, seashore, cupboardAdjective + Nounhardboard, blueberry, softballVerb + Nounswimming pool, washing rail mien carPreposition + Nouninbox, outbox, overcoatVerb + Verbmake-w ork, drop-kickVerb + Prepositionbreakaway, hideout, takeawayPhrases Compoundstock-in-trade, mother-in-lawSpecial Compoundtetragon, archeologyAccording to the t open, there are many patterns to form a noun. However, we can enlighten all the patterns into 3 categoriesThe solid or closed form two words were combined as one word. Ex sentencetable, blackboard.The hyphenated form two words are connected by a hyphen.Ex son-in-law, stitch-up.The open or spaced form the word consists of two drawn-out words, and often written separately. Ex high court, slow motion.Meanwhile, in Vietnamese we have the coordinated compound noun and the principal-and-accessory compound noun, which were also known in Vietnamese are t ghp ng lp and t ghp chnh ph. The coordinated compound noun is the noun was built from two components with equal meaning, for example ch ba, qun o. The coordinated compound noun often expresses the general and synthetic meaning which was one main chief that makes it different from the principal-and accessory compound noun. The principal-and accessory compound noun is the noun that involves two components, in which one component depends on the other. The secondary component will classify the main component. For instance we have the get-go component is ng, which means the way to go, and the second one is st, a kind of metal that do this kind of way. When we combine those two components, we will have the new noun ng st, which actually means railway in order to blemish with ng khng, ng thy, ng b3. ConversionThe conversion is a very interesting process of forming new word. It occurs in both English and Vietnamese. Without changing its forms, we can change the meaning of the word, even the word class (but I dont talk about word class-change because this essay is pore on the noun formation, not the word formation) more specifically, lets examine these two examplesEx 1 Firstly, in English, with the word stop in 2 sentencesIt is time to put a stop to the violence .I get off at the next stop.In the first one, stop means the act of filet the violence, but in the second sentence, stop actually means a place where a bus or train stops regularly for passengers to get on or off. Clearly, the form of the noun stop doesnt change.Ex 2 In Vietnamese, take the word ph as exampleM ti nu ph rt ngon.Kh nhiu ngi n ng hin nay c t tng chn cm thm ph.ph in the first sentence is a Vietnamese dish, but the second sentence connotes the meaning of something new, especially another women, not their wives.Thus, English and Vietnamese resemble each other on this process of forming new nouns. Being used chthonian many various circumstances, the word itself generates many different metaphorical meanings.4. other formationa. ReduplicationBoth English and Vietnamese have reduplication. However, reduplication only seizes a small number of nouns in English. Vietnamese reduplication has two types repeating the whole word (ba ba, chu chu, co co) and repeating some compon ents of the word. Moreover, we dont find many Vietnamese nouns which belong to the second types. The maximum length of Vietnamese reduplicative words is no more than four, and the minimum length is two. Most of the reduplicative words are two-word length. rough of reduplicative English words are ping pong, flip flop, tick-tock.b. ClippingAccording to V c Nghiu, Vietnamese only considers this process as temporary form or the spoken form of word. By definition, it doesnt happen with every word (Nghiu 2007).bm bm bmki-l-gam k lng cng sn Vit Nam ngWhereas, English have slews of words was formed by clipping such as painting from photograph, rhino from rhinocerosc. AcronymBy using the initial letters of a phrase as one word, acronym has produced a massive number a word. Because those words were created by acronym are more memorable than the phrases, many pack like this type of noun-formation, especially in names of some organizations. In English, we have AIDS, radar. In Vietnamese , we also have some acronymic words such as TW from trung ng, CLB for cu lc b.d. BlendingBlends deal with the action of abridging and then combining various lexemes to form a new word . This process combines shortened of two or more morphemes to form a word. For instance, brunch is the combination of eat and lunch, motel is the combination of motor and hotel. This is one special feature of English which doesnt exist in Vietnamese at all.e. BorrowingEnglish and Vietnamese borrowed a vast number of words. In Vietnamese, because of the Chinese and French domination, the borrowed vocabularies are in the main from those two countries. It was divided into two layers Chinese origin and Indo-European origin. Some examples should be taken into account are described in the tables belowVietnameseFrenchx phngSavonp-anpdalemi xoamouchoirVietnameseChinesec gi(dzh)k gi(jzh)Vietnamese also translate literally some style in Chinese and French into Vietnamese for necessary usage, it usually was kn own as qu trnh Vit ha hon ton such asEx (fij) phi c, phi = bay, c = my mc my bay (Vietnamese) (o Duy Anh, 2005) (tngzh) thnh gi (Chinese), in Hn-Vit t in gin yu, thnh = nghe, gi = ch v ngi ngi nghe (Vietnamese) (o Duy Anh, 2005)English also have two types of borrowing vocabulary the exact foreign word and calque. According to different sources, around 30% of all English words have a French origin (Calque, 2001). Some of the French words that were used in English are ablation, accent, bonnet, desert. Similar to Vietnamese, English also translate the words literally from many other languages for usage. We can take some calques as examplesLatin Lunae dies = Old English Monan dg (day of the moon) = Modern English Monday (University of Oxford, 2005)French gratte-ciel and Spanish rascal cielos (both literally means scrape-sky) = English skyscraper. (Calque, 2001)TEACHING IMPLICATIONSThe aim of contrastive analysis between English and Vietnamese is to draw out the linguistic same and differences. However, it also has another valuable practical basis for teaching and learning. By contrasting those two languages, we can forecast the potential ticklishies that the learners may encounter when learning foreign languages. Firstly, Because of the differences in word order, Vietnamese pupils tend to produce error such asroom dinning instead of dinning room, which means phng n in Vietnamesepie apple instead of apple pie, which in Vietnamese it is bnh to.This error often happened in compound noun.Secondly, when we hope to mention the plural forms of nouns in Vietnamese, we usually use the word nhiu before nouns such as nhiu ngi, nhiu hy vng. That is the point. In English, we must add -s or -es buns countable nouns, for example girls, boys and preserve the uncountable nouns. Therefore, Vietnamese learners have a temperament to forget the -s and -es for countable nouns and vice versa for uncountable nouns. This also elucidates the reasons why Vietnamese pupils misapply two words many and much for countable and uncountable nouns.Thirdly, in Vietnamese, we can say Chim ang ht without any determiners. This sentence conveys the full meaning and is grammatical right. Otherwise, if we apply this rule in to English, which requires the determiners for noun, it is completely wrong. We cannot say raspberry is singing (the right sentence should be The bird is singing).Finally, I want to emphasize that, besides the methods of teaching and learning, the syllabus, one of the major causes of the above errors is the differences in English and Vietnamese, or we can call it the linguistic cause.CONCLUSIONVietnamese and English show similarities as well as differences, and noun formation is a complicated process in both languages. It demands the learners to master the rules and apply it in the proper place. Vocabulary in English and Vietnamese are copious. However, Vietnamese have more types of noun formation in English, which makes the Vietnamese is more difficul t for the foreigners. If you understand these linguistic characteristics of theses two languages, you make a further flavour in absorbing them.What Age Should pairing be Allowed?What Age Should Marriage be Allowed? mountain should be allowed to get unify only laterwardward age of 30Marriage is one of the most important systems which sustentation the continuation of the social unity through marriage between a man and a women, who agree together to build a family. get married is a very important decision in every individuals life because they are imagening to spend their entire life with their spouses. sometimes quite a little get married at an early age and than acquire problems in their relationship. If People are allowed to get married only after age of 30 than they will be more matured, professionally colonized and have a legal financial position. And at long last, individuals would have lived and enjoyed all their dreams which are sometimes not possible after marriag e.Firstly, People should be allowed to get married only after age of 30 as they will be able to understand relationships more maturely. Age and experience brings with it acquaintance most of the time. An individual marrying after the age of 30 would be able to precisely understand their spouse, would have learnt to deal with problems effectively, which will help them bakshish a healthier married life. For instance, if a couple gets married at an early age and if they do not know how to handle family problems than this can become a big drawback for their marriage and can lead to divorce.Secondly, People should be allowed to get married only after age of 30 as till this age most of the individuals would have achieved a lot of success in their career life and would have a good financial position to take care of their family. If individuals get married at an early age than the couple have to struggle in in-person and professional lifes due to insufficient funds. For instance, if peop le will be allowed to get married only after age of 30 than they will plan their future well and have enough earnings to handle the expenses to prolong their family happy.Lastly, People should be allowed to get married only after age of 30 is that waiting till the age of 30, will allow people to live their dreams as they will have many years after education to achieve what they want to. Individuals would have lived and enjoyed their peak years in their lifes which will lead to fulfillment of their dreams and will provide them with a reek of satisfaction in life. For instance, if an individual is allowed to get married after age of 30 will know a particular age spring of getting married and will try to live all their dreams in life till that age so that after marriage they do not have any complications related to their dreams and they can live a joyful married life.In conclusion, people should be allowed to get married only after age of 30 because they will be more matured and wil l have a better understanding of relationships, second till the age of 30 individuals would have achieved success in their careers and lastly individuals would have lived all their dreams till they turn to 30. These factors will make them notice more comfortable about their married life. They will be able to give all the happiness and love to their life partners because till 30 they would have found a right life partner who can take good care of their needs and wants.